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Bulkheads
Cofferdams

Builder 3&2 Volume 02 - Construction manual for building structures
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Figure 10-28.-Two types of tie-rod anchorages for bulkheads. of the tie rods are anchored by means of a channel wale. In  the  figure,  the  construction  sequence  begins when  the  shore  and  bottom  are  first  excavated  to  the level of the long, sloping dotted line. The sheet piles for the bulkhead and the anchorage are then driven. The supporting piles for the tie rods are driven next, after  which  the  tie  rods  between  the  bulk  and  the anchorage are set in place and the wales are bolted on. The tie rods are prestressed lightly and uniformly, and the  backfilling  then  begins. The first backfilling operation consists of placing fill over the anchorage, out to the dotted line shown in the plan. The turnbuckles on the tie rods are then set to  bring  the  bulkhead  plumb,  and  the  rest  of  the backfill  is  worked  out  to  the  bulkhead.  After  the backfilling   is   completed,   the   bottom   outside   the bulkhead is dredged to the desired depth. WHARFAGE As mentioned earlier, wharfage structures allow vessels  to  lie  alongside  for  loading  or  unloading. Moles  and  jetties  are  the  most  typical  forms. Figure 10-29.-Working drawings for a steel sheet pile bulkhead. Moles and Jetties A mole is simply a breakwater that serves as a wharfage structure. The only difference is that its inner or  harbor  face  must  be  vertical  and  its  top  must function as a deck. In a similar way, jetties also serve as wharfage structures. BELOW THE WATER TABLE When  construction  is  carried  on  below  the groundwater level, or when underwater structures like seawalls, bridge piers, and the like, are erected, it is usually necessary to temporarily keep the water out of the construction area. This is typically done with well points, cofferdams, or caissons. Well Points Well  points  are  long  pipes  thrust  into  the  ground down to the level at which the water must be excluded. 10-15







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