Q4. Q5. Q6. Q7. Q8. A service sink is referred to by a more common name. What is it? What instruction should be used to determine riser height if the user does not indicate a preference? Does  a  water  closet,  equipped  with  a flushometer valve, require more or less water per flush than one equipped with a flush tank? What are the two types of urinals most commonly used by Utilitiesman? What  type  of  faucet  is  used  for  exterior connections? PLUMBING  REPAIRS LEARNING   OBJECTIVE:   Recognize procedures for making plumbing repairs and testing;  recognize  methods  of  operation  for fixture hardware and safety. This portion of the chapter will deal with some of the  more  common  plumbing  repairs  that  will  be necessary from time to time to keep plumbing systems operating  properly.  Proper  repairs  and  maintenance techniques  save  money  by  extending  the  life  of plumbing systems. For example, one water faucet that is leaking one drop of water each second wastes about 2,300 gallons of water per year. WATER BREAKS Water distribution piping at one time or another will require repair on a leak or a break in the line. The following  are  problems  you  may  have  during  a waterline break: The water supply for fire protection is reduced or does not exist. Escaping  water  under  pressure  undermines structures,  damages  foundations,  destroys  landscaping, or causes a serious erosion problem. A broken pipe causes a health hazard because the distribution system can become contaminated by external  sources. The  water  supply  for  normal  domestic  or industrial use can be completely cut off. To ensure proper repair of a water break, keep red line  prints  on  hand  that  show  the  water  distribution lines, existing conditions, and locations. Ensure to red line your set of prints every time you make a repair or line change. Additionally, notify engineering of your line repair or line change, and they will update the master set of base prints. At some activities, electronic devices are available for  subsurface  survey  and  pipe  location  work. Sometimes  you  may  have  to  find  points  of interconnection,  pipe  diameters,  and  the  condition  of exterior surfaces or coatings. For future use, make notes on the maintenance prints to show the general condition of the system. Use a symbol that stands out to show the approximate age of the installation or its parts. Prints should be complete and up-to-date. In maintenance or repair, these prints help in planning maintenance. Many times, they offer clues to the most probable location and probable cause of trouble. Now and  then,  the  system  should  be  flushed  through hydrants  and  blowoffs  to  remove  scale  and accumulation in pipes and fittings. When performing this operation, start at the hydrants or blowoffs nearest the source of supply to conserve water and to stir up less of the distribution system. Each point should be flushed until the water comes out reasonably clear. All valves should be in their normal operating positions before you go on to the next point. Flushing dead ends is  vital.  When  flushing  does  not  induce  enough velocity to scour the mains clean, night flush them with a  large  discharge.  Night  operation  lessens  work disruption caused by water shutoff or decreased water pressure. WATER MAINS Since water main breaks must be repaired as fast as possible, personnel must be trained and repair plans made  in  advance.  The  following  procedures  are essential: 1.   Post   the   telephone   numbers   of   the   fire department and key personnel and have alternate personnel  available  in  case  members  of  the  regular repair crew cannot be reached at the time of a break. Notify the public works officer at the time the break is reported. 2.  Always  keep  the  following  items  readily available:  valve  keys,  hand  tools,  digging  tools, pavement   breakers,   trench   shoring,   a   portable centrifugal  or  diaphragm  pump,  floodlights,  an emergency chlorinator, and calcium hypochlorite powder. 3. Maintain enough pipe repair materials and supplies. As a temporary measure, wooden plugs can be 5-20