devices for evidence of abnormal flow, which might reveal loss through leakage.

In galvanized pipe installations, where the fittings on either side of the leak are not readily available, the leaking section may be cut out. In this operation, one person holds the pipe with a wrench to keep it from turning in the next fitting, and another person cuts a thread on it while it is in place using a hand type of pipe threader. The cutout section is then replaced with a coupling, a pipe section of the required length, and a union.

You may also have to repair leaks in copper piping. If a copper pipe leaks, cut out the damaged section and replace it with a new section, using either soldered or compression-type joints. When a piece of cast-iron pipe less than full length is needed for replacement, cut it from a double-hub pipe, so the remaining piece has a hub left for use in other work.

If you need a fitting for a short space or if existing work cannot be removed easily, use short spigot ends for sleeves. Closely observe figure 5-37. This figure shows how to install a fitting in a restricted space.

Replace a fitting or insert one into an existing line by following the four-step procedure shown in figure 5-38. When the job calls for adding connections to an outside vitrified clay sewer line, here is one step-by- step method.

1. Remove a section of the existing sewer pipe that is long enough to receive a new Y-fitting.

2. Break half of the hub rim of the new Y-fitting, as shown in view A, figure 5-39.

Figure 5-37. - Installing a fitting in a restricted space.

Figure 5-38. - Insert a fitting in an existing line.

3. Insert the spigot end of the Y-fitting into the hub of the existing pipe. At the same time, place the remaining half of the hub end of the Y-fitting over the cut end of the existing pipe with the Y-branch pointing away from the new inlet. (See the first position of view B, fig. 5-39.)

4. Rotate the Y-fitting, so the broken half of the hub is up and the Y-branch is in the correct position to receive the new inlet connection. (See the final position of view B, fig. 5-39.)

5. Pour the joint carefully; round over the broken half of the hub with plenty of concrete or mastic compound, as shown in view C, figure 5-39. 5-24