the cold-water supply. Electrical work must conform to the local governing electrical codes.

15. 1a-08. A main SHUTOFF VALVE will be installed as indicated or specified. The 1-inch main shutoff valve must be accessible to the stop-and-waste valve with solder-type ends, and the waste arranged for complete drainage of the entire water-supply system.

15. 1a-09. WORKMANSHIP will be performed in a fast-class manner, observing all standards of good installation practices.

15. 1a-10. TESTS must be conducted on all plumbing systems to provide tightness of all piping joints. If leaks occur, they will be repaired immediately and the tests repeated. The soil, waste, and vent systems will be completely filled with water to the highest point before checking for leaks. The hot- and cold-water piping must be tested with water at 1 1/2 times the working pressure. After all tests have proved satisfactory, all the necessary adjustments on the faucets, traps, valves, and other specialties will be checked, so the entire system can be placed in normal operation.

15. 1a-11. INSULATION. All the piping and fittings subjected to freezing temperatures must be adequately insulated with a suitable frostproof covering secured in place.

The project guide specifications, then, provide all the required information on the materials and methods of work to be used in completing a project that is not contained in the plans. There may be times when you will need to know more about the characteristics of materials listed in the bill of material. For example, if you cannot obtain a specified type of material or piece of equipment and want to substitute, you will need to know the characteristics of each in order to compare them before making the decision to substitute. This is where a knowledge of and access to federal, military, and NAVFAC specifications are important.

FEDERAL specifications are written technical descriptions of materials and supplies used by the Navy and other federal government agencies. They cover in detail the characteristics and compositions of these items and are listed, along with military specifications, in numerical and alphabetical indices generally available to you.

MILITARY specifications are similar to federal specifications but are developed for use by the Department of Defense. Formerly called JAN (Joint Army and Navy) specifications, they have been revised to MIL-SPECS, using the same serial number as before. The last of the specifications that you will most likely use is the NAVFAC specifications. These are developed by the Naval Facilities Engineering Command and cover the Naval Facilities Engineering Command and other items normally used for construction. They are listed as "Type Specs" and Standard Specifications in the Service Contracts Specifications, NAVFAC MO-327.

Q8. Are all specification divisions required for every construction project?

Q9. You are installing a dental operatory chair on a project. To what division of the specifications should you refer?

Q10. In the specifications sample "Division 15 Mechanical," what paragraph identifies the type of pipe for aboveground, vertical waterlines?

Q11. When is it necessary to know specific characteristics of a part or material?

ASSIGNMENT AS A CREW LEADER

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the basic fundamentals of project planning, organization, and supervision.

As you gain experience in utilities work, you will probably be called upon to serve as the leader of one or more crews. They may perform various types of work, such as measure, cut, and thread pipe; install pipe lagging and other insulation and protective materials on pipe; or other related utilities type work. Your duties, as a crew leader, may vary from one activity to another. Usually, these duties involve planning work assignments, supervising work teams, preparing requisitions, and keeping time cards.

PLANNING WORK ASSIGNMENTS

Planning is the process of determining requirements and devising and developing methods and schemes of action for construction of a project. Proper planning saves time and money for the Navy and makes the project easier for everyone concerned. Here are some pointers that are designed to help you plan day-to-day work assignments for your crew(s).