cracks in the frame side rails. Care should be exercised when performing this task, as the frame can be weakened. The frame of the vehicle should not be welded by gas or arc welding unless specified by the manufacturer. The heat removes temper from the metal, and, if cooled too quickly, causes the metal to crystallize. Minor bends can be removed by the use of hydraulic jacks, bars, and clamps.

REVIEW 1 QUESTIONS

Q1. What component of the frame prevents the side members from weaving and twisting the frame?

Q2. The integrated frame and body type of construction is also known by what term?

Q3. One advantage of an integrated frame and body is that the amount of noise transmitted into the passenger compartment is decreased. (T/F)

Figure 8-4. - Truck frame (Ladder).

SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

Learning Objective: Identify automotive suspension components, their functions, and maintenance requirements.

The suspension system works with the tires. frame or unitized body, wheels, wheel bearings, brake system. and steering system. All of the components of these systems work together to provide a safe and comfortable means of transportation. The suspension system functions are as follows:

Support the weight of the frame, body, engine, transmission, drive train, passengers, and cargo.

Provide a smooth, comfortable ride by allowing the wheels and tires to move up and down with minimum movement of the vehicle.

Work with the steering system to help keep the wheels in correct alignment.

Keep the tires in firm contact with the road, even after striking bumps or holes in the road.

Allow rapid cornering without extreme body roll (vehicle leans to one side).

Allow the front wheels to turn from side to side for steering.

Prevent excessive body squat (body tilts down in rear) when accelerating or with heavy loads.

Prevent excessive body dive (body tilts down in the front) when braking.

The suspension systems are grouped into two categories, which are as follows:

NONINDEPENDENT SUSPENSION (Solid Axle) (fig. 8-5) - The nonindependent suspension has both left and right wheels attached to the same solid axle. When one tire hits a bump in the road, its upward movement causes a slight tilt in the other wheel. With a solid axle setup, the steering knuckle and wheel spindle assemblies are connected to the axle beam by bronze-bushed kingpins, or spindle bolts, which provide pivot points for each wheel.

INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION (fig. 8-6) - The independent suspension allows one wheel to move up and down with a minimum effect on the other wheels. Since each wheel is attached to its own suspension unit, movement of one wheel does NOT cause direct movement of the wheel on the opposite side of the 8-4