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Builder 3&2 Volume 02 - Construction manual for building structures
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CHAPTER 10 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION Heavy construction includes structures made of steel,  timber,  concrete,  or  a  combination  of  these  ma- terials. Examples include trestles, timber piers, and waterfront structures. The requirement for heavy con- struction today is not as important as in earlier years; however, the need to understand this type of construc- tion still remains. In  this  chapter,  we’ll  examine  the  materials  used in building heavy structures. We’ll also discuss the methods  and  techniques  of  heavy  construction,  in- cluding  shoring  and  excavation.  In  addition,  we’ll look  at  the  procedures  used  in  maintaining  the  struc- tures. TIMBER  TRESTLES LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Upon completing this section, you should be able to identify the parts of a trestle, and describe the procedures for  erecting  bents  and  superstructures. A trestle is a braced framework of timbers, piles, or  steel  members,  It  is  typically  built  to  carry  a  road- way across a depression, such as a gully, a canyon, or the valley of a stream. The two main parts of a trestle Figure 10-1.-Abutment sill and footing and abutment excavation. are  the  substructure,  consisting  of  the  supporting members, and the superstructure, consisting of the decking and the stringers on which the decking is laid. The substructure of a timber trestle is a series of transverse  frameworks  called  bents.  Trestle  bents  are used on solid, dry ground, or in shallow water with a solid bottom. Pile bents are used in soft or marshy ground, or where the water is so deep or the current so swift that the use of trestle bents is impossible. The posts of a pile bent are bearing piles or vertical mem- bers driven into the ground. NOMENCLATURE The  following  terms  are  common  to  timber  trestle construction: Abutment— The ground support at each of the extreme  ends  of  a  trestle  superstructure.  Examples are shown in figures 10-1 and 10-2. Bracing— The timbers used to brace a trestle bent, called transverse bracing, or the timbers used to brace  bents  to  each  other,  called  longitudinal Figure 10-2.-Placing and leveling abutment footings and abutment  sill. 10-1







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