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Pile Driving Terminology and Techniques
Concrete

Builder 3&2 Volume 02 - Construction manual for building structures
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driving cap is used, the chamfered butt must fit the cap. When a cap is not used, the top end of the pile is wrapped with 10 or 12 turns of wire rope at a distance of about one diameter below the head of the pile (fig, 10-9, views A and B). When a hole is bored in the butt of the pile, double wrappings are used (view C). The pile can also be wrapped or clamped if the butt is crushed or split. As an  alternative  to  wrapping,  two  half-rings  of  3/8-inch steel are clamped around the butt (view D). The tip of the pile is cut off perpendicular to its axis. When driven into soft or moderately compressible soil, the  tip  of  the  pile  may  be  left  unpointed.  A  blunt-end pile provides a larger bearing surface than a pointed-end pile when used as an end-bearing pile. When driven, a blunt-end  pile  that  strikes  a  root  or  small  obstruction may break through it. Where  soil  is  only  slightly  compressible  and  must be displaced, the tip of the pile is usually sharpened to the shape of an inverted truncated pyramid (fig. 10-9, view A). The blunt end is about 4 to 6 inches square; the length of the point is 1 1/2 to 2 times the diameter of the pile at its foot. A crooked pile maybe pointed for driving, as shown in view B. For hard driving, steel shoes are used to protect the pile tips. A manufactured shoe is shown in view C, and an improvised steel shoe is shown in view D. Steel Bearing Steel   ranks   next   to   timber   in   importance, especially  where  the  construction  must  accommodate heavy loads or the foundations are expected to be used over a long period of time. Steel is best suited for use as bearing piles where piles must be driven under any of the following  conditions: Piles are longer than 80 feet. Column   strength   exceeds   the   compressive strength of timber. To reach bedrock for maximum bearing surface through  overlying  layers  of  partially  decom- posed rock. To penetrate layers of coarse gravel or soft rock, such as coral. To  attain  great  depth  of  penetration  for  stability (for  example,  driving  piles  in  a  rock-bedded, swiftly  flowing  stream  where  timber  piles  can- not  be  driven  deeply  enough  for  stability). One of the most common types of steel bearing piles is the pipe pile. An open-end pipe pile is open at the  bottom.  A  closed-rid  pipe  pile  is  closed  at  the bottom.  Another  common  type  of  steel  pile  is  the H-type, often seen as HP. When driving HPs, a special driving cap (shown in fig. 10-10) is used. Figure 10-9.-Preparation of timber piles for driving. Figure 10-10.-HP-bearing pile and special cap for driving 10-5







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