to the steam at 212F, the steam is superheated to 300F.

TOTAL HEAT

TOTAL HEAT is the sum of sensible heat and latent heat. Since measurements of the total heat in a certain weight of a substance cannot be started at absolute zero, a temperature is adopted at which it is assumed that there is no heat; and tables of data are constructed on that basis for practical use. Data tables giving the heat content of the most commonly used refrigerants start at 40F below zero as the assumed point of no heat; tables for water and steam start at 32F above zero. Tables of data usually contain a notation showing the starting point for heat content measurement.

DAY-TON OF REFRIGERATION

A day-ton of refrigeration (sometimes incorrectly called a ton of refrigeration) is the amount of refrigeration produced by melting 1 ton of ice at a temperature of 32F in 24 hours. A day-ton is often used to express the amount of cooling produced by a refrigerator or air-conditioner. For example, a 1-ton air-conditioner can remove as much heat in 24 hours as 1 ton of 32F ice that melts and becomes water at 32F.

Figure 6-2. - Relationship between temperature and the amount of heat required per pound (for water at atmospheric pressure).

It is a rate of removing heat, rather than a quantity of heat. A rate can be converted to Btu per day, hour, or minute. To find the rate, proceed as follows:

Per Day: Multiply 2,000 (number of pounds of ice in 1 ton) by 144 (latent heat of fusion per pound) = 288,000 Btu per day

Per Hour: 288,000 (Btu per day) 24 (hours in a day) = 12,000

So, a "1-ton" air-conditioner would have a rating of 12,000 Btu per hour.

PRESSURE

PRESSURE is defined as a force per unit area. It is usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure may be in one direction, several directions, or in all directions, as shown in figure 6-3. The ice (solid) exerts pressure downward. The water (fluid) exerts pressure on all wetted surfaces of the container. Gases exert pressure on al I inside surfaces of their containers.

Pressure is usually measured on gauges that have one of two different scales. One scale is read as so many pounds per square inch gauge (psig) and indicates the pressure above atmospheric pressure surrounding the gauge. The other type of scale is read as so many pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and indicates the pressure above absolute zero pressure (a perfect vacuum).

Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of the weight of air above a point on, above, or under the earth. At sea level, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE is 14.7 psia, as shown in figure 6-4. As one ascends, the atmospheric pressure decreases about 1.0 psi for every 2,343 feet. Below sea level in excavations and depressions, atmospheric pressure increases. Pressures underwater differ from those under air only because the weight of the water must be added to the pressure of the air.

Figure 6-3. - Exertion of pressures.