hand-applied finishes). To apply stucco, begin at the topof the wall and work down. Make sure the crew hassufficient personnel to finish the total wall surfacewithout joinings (laps or interruptions).CuringThe curing of stucco depends on the surface towhich it is applied, the thickness if the material, and theweather. Admixtures can be used to increaseworkability, prevent freezing, and to waterproof themortar. Using high-early cement reduces the curing timerequired for the cement to reach its initial strength (3days instead of 7). Air-entraining cement is used to resistfreezing action.COMMON FAULTSThere are times when the finish you get is not whatyou expected. Some of the most common reasons fordiscoloration and stains are listed below:Failure to have uniform suction in either of thebase coats;Improper mixing of the finish coat materials;Changes in materials or proportions during thework;Variations in the amount of mixing water;Use of additional water to retemper mortar; andCorrosion and rust from flashing or other metalattachments and failure to provide drips andwashes on sills and projecting trim.CERAMIC TILELEARNING OBJECTIVE: Upon completingthis section, you should be able to identify thedifferent types of ceramic tile and associatedmortars, adhesives, and grouts, and state theprocedures for setting tiles.Ceramic tile is used extensively where sanitation,stain resistance, ease in cleaning, and low maintenanceare desired. Ceramic tiles are commonly used for wallsand floors in bathrooms, laundry rooms, showers,kitchens, laboratories, swimming pools, and lockerrooms. The tremendous range of colors, patterns, anddesigns available in ceramic tile even includesthree-dimensional sculptured tiles. Extensive use hasbeen made of ceramic tile for decorative effectsthroughout buildings, both inside and outside.CLASSIFICATIONSTile is usually classified by exposure (interior orexterior) and location (walls or floors), although manytiles may be used in all locations. Since exterior tile mustbe frostproof, the tiles are kiln fired to a point where theyhave a very low absorption. Tiles vary considerably inquality among manufacturers. This may affect their usein various exposures and locations.SIZESTile is generally available in the following squaresizes: 4 1/4 by 4 1/4, 6 by 6, 3 by 3, and 1 3/8 by1 3/8 inches. Rectangular sizes available include 8 1/2by 4 1/4, 6 by 4 1/4, and 1 3/8 by 4 1/4 inches. Tile oftencomes mounted into sheets (usually between 1 and2 square feet) with some type of backing on the sheet orbetween the tiles to hold them together.Tiles with less than 6 square inches of face area andabout 1/4 inch thick are called ceramic mosaics.Ceramic mosaic tile sizes range from 3/8 by 3/8 inch toabout 2 by 2 inches, and they are available from themanufactures in both sheet and roll form. Often, largetile is scored by the manufacturer to resemble small tiles.FINISHESTile finishes include glazed, unglazed, textured(matte) glazed porcelain, and abrasive. Glazed andmatte glazed finishes may be used for light-duty floorsbut should not be used in areas of heavy traffic wherethe glazed surface may be worn away. Glazed ceramicwall tiles usually have a natural clay body (nonvitreous,7-to 9-percent absorption), and a vitreous glaze is fusedto the face of the tile. This type of tile is notrecommended for exterior use. Glazed tile should neverbe cleaned with acid, which mars the finish. Use onlysoap and water. Unglazed ceramic mosaics have dense,nonvitreous bodies uniformly distributed through thetile. Certain glazed mosaics are recommended forinterior use only, others for wall use only. Porcelain tileshave a smoother surface than mosaics and are denser,with an impervious body of less than one-half of1-percent absorption. This type of tile may be usedthroughout the interior and exterior of a building. Anabrasive finish is available as an aggregate embedded inthe surface or an irregular surface texture.Tales are available with self-spacing lugs, squareedges, and cushioned edges (slightly rounded) (see7-19
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