in the triangle indicates the hues that result when colors  are  mixed. A— Equal proportions of red and blue produce pur- ple. B— Equal  proportions  of  red  and  yellow  produce orange. C— Equal proportions of blue and yellow produce green. D— Three parts of red to one part of blue produce carmine. E— Three parts of red to one part of yellow produce reddish  orange. F— Three parts of blue to one part of red produce red-violet. G— Three parts of yellow to one part of red produce yellowish  orange. H— Three parts of blue to one part of yellow pro- duce bluish green. I— Three parts of yellow to one part of blue produce yellowish  green. Hues  are  known  as  chromatic  colors,  whereas black, white, and gray are achromatic (neutral colors). Gray can be produced by mixing black and white in different   proportions. Thinning When   received,   paints   should   be   ready   for application by brush or roller. Thinner can be added for either method of application, but the supervisor or inspector  must  give  prior  approval.  Thinning  is  often required  for  spray  application.  Unnecessary  or excessive  thinning  causes  an  inadequate  thickness  of the  applied  coating  and  adversely  affects  coating longevity and protective qualities. When necessary, thinning is done by competent personnel using only the thinning agents named by the specifications or label  instructions.  Thinning  is  not  done  to  make  it easier  to  brush  or  roll  cold  paint  materials.  They should  be  preconditioned  (warmed)  to  bring  them  up to 65°F to 85°F. Straining Normally, paint in freshly opened containers does not require straining. But in cases where lumps, color flecks, or foreign matter are evident, paints should be strained after mixing. When paint is to be sprayed, it must be strained to avoid clogging the spray gun. Skins should be removed from the paint before mixing. If necessary, the next step is thinning. Finally, the paint is strained through a fine sieve or commercial paint strainer. Tinting Try not to tint paint. This will reduce waste and eliminate  the  problem  of  matching  special  colors  at  a later date. Tinting also affects the properties of the paint, often reducing performances to some extent. One exception is the tinting of an intermediate coat to differentiate  between  that  coat  and  a  topcoat;  this helps assure you don’t miss any areas. In this case, use only  colorants  of  known  compatibility.  Try  not  to  add more than 4 ounces of tint per gallon of paint. If more is  added,  the  paint  may  not  dry  well  or  otherwise perform poorly. When  necessary,  tinting  should  be  done  in  the paint  shop  by  experienced  personnel.  The  paint  must be at application viscosity before tinting. Colorants must be compatible, fresh, and fluid to mix readily. Mechanical agitation helps distribute the colorants uniformly throughout the paint. APPLICATION The  common  methods  of  applying  paint  are brushing,  rolling,  and  spraying.  The  choice  of  method is   based   on   several   factors,   such   as   speed   of application, environment, type and amount of surface, type of coating to be applied, desired appearance of finish,   and   training   and   experience   of   painters. Brushing is the slowest method, rolling is much faster, and spraying is usually the fastest by far. Brushing is ideal for small surfaces and odd shapes or for cutting in  corners  and  edges.  Rolling  and  spraying  are efficient on large, flat surfaces. Spraying can also be used for round or irregular shapes. Local surroundings may prohibit the spraying of paint because of fire hazards or potential damage from over-spraying  (accidentally  getting  paint  on  adjacent surfaces). When necessary, adjacent areas not to be coated must be covered when spraying is performed. This results in loss of time and, if extensive, may offset the speed advantage of spraying. Brushing may leave brush marks after the paint is dry. Rolling leaves a stippled effect. Spraying yields the   smoothest   finish,   if   done   properly.   Lacquer products, such as vinyls, dry rapidly and should be sprayed. Applying them by brush or roller may be difficult, especially in warm weather or outdoors on 8-10