spaced a minimum of 12 inches OC. A nominal 1- by3-inch or 1- by 4-inch wood member can be used forroof or ceiling members spaced not more than 24 inchesOC. A nominal 2- by 2-inch or 2- by 3-inch membershould be satisfactory for truss or ceiling joist spacingof up to 48 inches.In locating the strips, first measure the width of theroom (the distance parallel to the direction of the ceilingjoists). If, for example, this is 11 feet 6 inches, use ten12-inch-square tiles and 9-inch-wide tile at each sideedge. The second wood strips from each side are locatedso that they center the first row of tiles, that can now beripped to a width of 9 inches. The last row will also be9 inches, but do not rip these tiles until the last row isreached so that they fit tightly. The tile can be fitted andarranged the same way for the ends of the room.Ceiling tiles normally have a tongue on two adjacentsides and a groove on the opposite adjacent sides. Startwith the leading edge ahead and to the open side so thatit can be stapled to the nailing strips. A small finish nailor adhesive should be used at the edge of the tiles in thefirst row against the wall. Stapling is done at the leadingedge and the side edge of each tile (fig. 5-26, view B).Use one staple at each wood strip at the leading edgeand two at the open side edge. At the opposite wall, asmall finish nail or adhesive must again be used to holdthe tile in place.Most ceiling tile of this type has a factory finish;painting or finishing is not required after it is placed.Take care not to mar or soil the surface.INSULATIONLEARNING OBJECTIVE: Upon completingthis section, you should be able to identify thetypes of insulation and describe the methods ofinstallation.The inflow of heat through outside walls and roofsin hot weather or its outflow during cold weather is amajor source of occupant discomfort. Providing heatingor cooling to maintain temperatures at acceptable limitsfor occupancy is expensive. During hot or cold weather,insulation with high resistance to heat flow helps saveenergy. Also, you can use smaller capacity units toachieve the same heating or cooling result, an additionalsavings.Most materials used in construction have someinsulating value. Even air spaces between studs resistthe passage of heat. However, when these stud spacesare filled or partially filled with material having a highinsulating value, the stud space has many times theinsulating ability of the air alone.TYPESCommercial insulation is manufactured in a varietyof forms and types, each with advantages for specificuses. Materials commonly used for insulation can begrouped in the following general classes: (1) flexibleinsulation (blanket and batt); (2) loose-fill insulation;(3) reflective insulation; (4) rigid insulation (structuraland nonstructural); and (5) miscellaneous types.The insulating value of a wall varies with differenttypes of construction, kinds of materials used inconstruction, and types and thicknesses of insulation. Aswe just mentioned, air spaces add to the total resistanceof a wall section to heat transmission, but an air spaceis not as effective as the same space filled with aninsulating material.FlexibleFlexible insulation is manufactured in two types:blanket and batt. Blanket insulation (fig. 5-27, view A)is furnished in rolls or packages in widths to fit betweenstuds and joists spaced 16 and 24 inches OC. It comesin thicknesses of 3/4 inch to 12 inches. The body of theblanket is made of felted mats of mineral or vegetablefibers, such as rock or glass wool, wood fiber, andcotton. Organic insulations are treated to make themresistant to fire, decay, insects, and vermin. Most blanketinsulation is covered with paper or other sheet materialwith tabs on the sides for fastening to studs or joists. Onecovering sheet serves as a vapor barrier to resistmovement of water vapor and should always face thewarm side of the wall. Aluminum foil, asphalt, or plasticlaminated paper is commonly used as barrier materials.Batt insulation (fig. 5-27, view B) is also made offibrous material preformed to thicknesses of 3 1/2 to12 inches for 16-and 24-inch joist spacing. It is suppliedwith or without a vapor barrier. One friction type offibrous glass batt is supplied without a covering and isdesigned to remain in place without the normal fasteningmethods.Loose FillLoose-fill insulation (fig. 5-27, view C) is usuallycomposed of materials used in bulk form, supplied inbags or bales, and placed by pouring, blowing, orpacking by hand. These materials include rock or glass5-20
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