APPENDIX IGLOSSARYAABUTMENT—Masonry, timber, or timber and earthstructures supporting the end of a bridge or an arch.ACOUSTICAL TILE—Any tile composed ofmaterials that absorb sound waves.ALLIGATORING—A defect in a painted surface,resulting from the application of a hard finish coatover a soft primer. The checked pattern is caused bythe slipping of the new coat over the old coat. Theold coat can be seen through the cracks.ANCHOR BOLTS—Bolts used to fasten columns,girders, soleplates, or other members to concrete ormasonry.ANCHORS—Devices giving stability to one part of astructure by securing it to another part, such astoggle bolts holding structural wood members to amasonry block wall.AS-BUILT DRAWINGS—Drawings made during orafter construction, illustrating how variouselements of the project were actually installed.ASPHALT SHINGLE—A type of compositionshingle made of felt and saturated with asphalt ortar pitch.ASTRAGAL—A closure between the two leaves of adouble-swing or double-slide door to close thejoint. This can also be a piece of molding.BBEARING PILE—A pile carrying a superimposedvertical load.BERM—An artificial ridge of earth.BINDER—Hot melted pitch (or asphalt) appliedbetween the layers of a built-up roof to bind thelayers of felt together.BIRD’S-MOUTH—A notch cut in the lower edge ofa rafter, to fit over the top wall plate. Formed by alevel line and a plumb cut.BREAKWATER—A barrier constructed to shield theinterior waters of a harbor from wave forces.BRIDGING-Crossed or solid supports installedbetween joists (floor or ceiling) to help evenlydistribute the load and brace the joists against sidesway.BULKHEAD—A retaining wall, generally vertical.CCAISSON—A watertight box structure surroundingwork below water.CANTILEVER—A projecting beam supported only atone end.CASING—The trim around doors and windows.CHASE—A vertical recess in a wall for pipes.COFFERDAM—A watertight enclosure.COMPOSITE PILES—Piles formed of one materialin the lower section and another in the upper.CONCRETE PILES—Piles made of concrete, eithercast in place or precast.CORNICE—The area under the eaves where the roofand sidewalls meet.CREOSOTE—A coal tar distillate used for preservingwood.CRIPPLE—Any frame member shorter than a regularmember.CROWN—The outside curve of a twisted, bowed, orcupped board.DDOLPHIN—A group of piles in water driven close(clustered) together and tied so that the group iscapable of withstanding large lateral forces fromvessels and other floating objects.DRESSING—Trimming or planing; usually applied tolumber.DRY ROT—Fungus growth making wood soft orbrittle.DRYWALL—A system of interior wall finishsheets of gypsum board and taped joints.usingAI-1
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